Bronchiolitis a Current Perspective
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Abstract
Bronchiolitis is a disease that involves the lower respiratory tract and affects large numbers of nurslings worldwide. It is estimated that as a result of this disease there are, in developing countries, 3.4 million hospital admissions and 199,000 deaths per year. This disease is more frequent in rainy seasons and there are multiple risk factors which can increase its severity. The most important causal agent of bronchiolitis is the respiratory syncytial virus, which is transmitted through nasal secretions. The clinical picture begins with symptoms of the upper airway that progress to the lower airway, leading to respiratory failure as a consequence of a high release of proinflammatory mediators. The diagnosis is clinical; however, other diagnostic methods are used when there is suspicion of another disease. Many therapies for its clinical management have been proposed, which are based on patient support measures, oxygen use, hypertonic saline solution, corticosteroids, antivirals, prophylaxis with palivizumab, and more recently zinc sulfate use. There are still a lot of unknowns, especially when it comes to the management of the disease. However, new pathophysiological mechanisms have been discovered that in the future could become a therapeutic target.
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